Business intermediaries are not typically licensed to provide tax guidance on transactions involving the sale of a business, however, it remains important that he or she possess a working knowledge of all of the intricacies that surround a business sale. Included amongst the most critical elements of the sale of a business is the impact of federal taxes upon a transaction.

Since most business sales in which professional business intermediaries have been engaged are those of non-public entities and, as such most likely take the form of an asset sale (as opposed to a stock sale), it is this type of sale upon which we will focus. The IRS has established guidelines for the allocation of purchase price for asset based transactions under Section 1060 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Allocating the purchase price to the entity’s assets in a business sale/acquisition is both science and art. The science aspects dictate that the rules established by the Internal Revenue Service be followed, along with documenting the underlying assumptions that are used. Art comes into play in the actual identification of the intangible assets and allocating value to these intangible assets.

It is important that the seller and buyer seek direction from their tax advisors when purchase price allocation is being negotiated. Failure to do so can have a significant affect upon the economics of a sale/acquisition. The allocation of purchase price is often overlooked while price, terms and other conditions of the sale are being negotiated. It is not uncommon, in fact, for the buyer and seller to have agreed upon these terms before discussing the purchase price allocation and its corresponding tax effects. Therefore, itshould be evident that the purchase price allocation, and the potential cash implications following close of the transaction, can assume such a critical role that the inability to mutually agree upon the allocation can cause a deal to fall apart. The intermediary, knowing that the seller seeks to maximize the after tax proceeds from the sale and the buyer desires to maximize the after tax cash flow of future operations, should be prepared to bring the parties together at the appropriate time to incorporate the discussion of purchase price allocation during the discussions and negotiations of other terms.

Once the parties have agreed upon the purchase price allocation and the transaction closes then IRS Form 8594 must be filed by each of the parties. The allocation of purchase price reported on IRS Form 8594 is binding unless the IRS determines it is not appropriate.

The sale includes all the assets of the business not specifically excluded and may include equipment, inventory, work in progress, trade fixtures, leasehold improvements, contractual rights, business records, licenses, franchises, customer lists, goodwill, covenant not to compete, trade secrets, trade names, telephone numbers and supplies. Other intangibles and intellectual property could include patents, trademarks, secret formulas, etc.

The allocation discussed above is based on what is referred to as the “Residual Method” and, pursuant to IRS guidelines, must be determined in the sequence outlined below:

• Step One: Value all identifiable assets
• Step Two: Determine total amount to be allocated (certain non-specific transaction costs such as employment/non-compete agreements must be considered)
• Step Three: Assign to respective classes of assets in the following order:

o Class I – Cash
o Class II – Marketable Securities
o Class III – Accounts Receivable
o Class IV – Inventory
o Class V – Assets Not Otherwise Classified
o Class VI – Section 197 Intangibles (i.e., specifically identifiable intangible assets other than Goodwill)
o Class VII – Goodwill

The total value allocated to the assets must equal the purchase/sales price. Some tax implications of the purchase price allocation are shown below.

Amount allocated to Tangible Personal Property (e.g., buildings, leasehold improvements, trade fixtures, furniture, and equipment):

• Seller: If held more than one year, gains in excess of depreciation are long-term capital gains; otherwise ordinary income
• Buyer: Depreciates new basis per IRS schedules

Amount allocated to Covenant Not to Compete/Customer List and similar Intangibles:

• Seller: Ordinary income
• Buyer: Amortize over 15 years

Amount allocated to Training/Consulting:

• Seller: Ordinary income
• Buyer: Expense as incurred

Amount allocated to Goodwill:

• Seller: If held for more than one year, long-term capital gain
• Buyer: Amortize over 15 years

Amount allocated to Land:

• Seller: If held more than one year, long-term capital gain; otherwise ordinary income
• Buyer: No immediate tax impact

Amount allocated to Inventory:

• Seller: Ordinary income, to the extent over basis
• Buyer: Treated as cost of goods sold upon sale of inventory

In summary, Huntington Business Group, Inc. highly recommends that the seller and buyer address the allocation of purchase price in connection with negotiations of the other terms of the transaction. Licensed and/or accredited brokers, CPA’s and attorneys should be consulted.

Mike Derrick is a Senior Business Intermediary with VR Huntington Business Group Inc. a VR Business Sales firm in Dallas (www.vrbigd.com).

VR Huntington Business Group is the leading business brokerage firm in North Texas and the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Our firm is comprised of professional business intermediaries that specialize in Business Brokerage, Mergers & Acquisitions, Business Valuation and Consulting services focusing on small businesses and mid-market companies.